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✏️ Editing: exception.pm Read Only

package autodie::exception;
use 5.008;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp qw(croak);

our $VERSION = '2.29'; # VERSION: Generated by DZP::OurPkg:Version
# ABSTRACT: Exceptions from autodying functions.

our $DEBUG = 0;

use overload
    q{""} => "stringify",
    # Overload smart-match only if we're using 5.10 or up
    ($] >= 5.010 ? ('~~'  => "matches") : ()),
    fallback => 1
;

my $PACKAGE = __PACKAGE__;  # Useful to have a scalar for hash keys.

=head1 NAME

autodie::exception - Exceptions from autodying functions.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

eval {
        use autodie;

open(my $fh, '<', 'some_file.txt');

...
    };

if (my $E = $@) {
        say "Ooops!  ",$E->caller," had problems: $@";
    }

=head1 DESCRIPTION

When an L<autodie> enabled function fails, it generates an
C<autodie::exception> object.  This can be interrogated to
determine further information about the error that occurred.

This document is broken into two sections; those methods that
are most useful to the end-developer, and those methods for
anyone wishing to subclass or get very familiar with
C<autodie::exception>.

=head2 Common Methods

These methods are intended to be used in the everyday dealing
of exceptions.

The following assume that the error has been copied into
a separate scalar:

if ($E = $@) {
        ...
    }

This is not required, but is recommended in case any code
is called which may reset or alter C<$@>.

=cut

=head3 args

my $array_ref = $E->args;

Provides a reference to the arguments passed to the subroutine
that died.

=cut

sub args        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{args}; }

=head3 function

my $sub = $E->function;

The subroutine (including package) that threw the exception.

=cut

sub function   { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{function};  }

=head3 file

my $file = $E->file;

The file in which the error occurred (eg, C<myscript.pl> or
C<MyTest.pm>).

=cut

sub file        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{file};  }

=head3 package

my $package = $E->package;

The package from which the exceptional subroutine was called.

=cut

sub package     { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{package}; }

=head3 caller

my $caller = $E->caller;

The subroutine that I<called> the exceptional code.

=cut

sub caller      { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{caller};  }

=head3 line

my $line = $E->line;

The line in C<< $E->file >> where the exceptional code was called.

=cut

sub line        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{line};  }

=head3 context

my $context = $E->context;

The context in which the subroutine was called by autodie; usually
the same as the context in which you called the autodying subroutine.
This can be 'list', 'scalar', or undefined (unknown).  It will never
be 'void', as C<autodie> always captures the return value in one way
or another.

For some core functions that always return a scalar value regardless
of their context (eg, C<chown>), this may be 'scalar', even if you
used a list context.

=cut

# TODO: The comments above say this can be undefined. Is that actually
# the case? (With 'system', perhaps?)

sub context     { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{context} }

=head3 return

my $return_value = $E->return;

The value(s) returned by the failed subroutine.  When the subroutine
was called in a list context, this will always be a reference to an
array containing the results.  When the subroutine was called in
a scalar context, this will be the actual scalar returned.

=cut

sub return      { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{return} }

=head3 errno

my $errno = $E->errno;

The value of C<$!> at the time when the exception occurred.

B<NOTE>: This method will leave the main C<autodie::exception> class
and become part of a role in the future.  You should only call
C<errno> for exceptions where C<$!> would reasonably have been
set on failure.

=cut

# TODO: Make errno part of a role.  It doesn't make sense for
# everything.

sub errno       { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{errno}; }

=head3 eval_error

my $old_eval_error = $E->eval_error;

The contents of C<$@> immediately after autodie triggered an
exception.  This may be useful when dealing with modules such
as L<Text::Balanced> that set (but do not throw) C<$@> on error.

=cut

sub eval_error { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{eval_error}; }

=head3 matches

if ( $e->matches('open') ) { ... }

if ( $e ~~ 'open' ) { ... }

C<matches> is used to determine whether a
given exception matches a particular role.  On Perl 5.10,
using smart-match (C<~~>) with an C<autodie::exception> object
will use C<matches> underneath.

An exception is considered to match a string if:

=over 4

=item *

For a string not starting with a colon, the string exactly matches the
package and subroutine that threw the exception.  For example,
C<MyModule::log>.  If the string does not contain a package name,
C<CORE::> is assumed.

=item *

For a string that does start with a colon, if the subroutine
throwing the exception I<does> that behaviour.  For example, the
C<CORE::open> subroutine does C<:file>, C<:io> and C<:all>.

See L<autodie/CATEGORIES> for further information.

=back

=cut

{
    my (%cache);

sub matches {
        my ($this, $that) = @_;

# TODO - Handle references
        croak "UNIMPLEMENTED" if ref $that;

my $sub = $this->function;

if ($DEBUG) {
            my $sub2 = $this->function;
            warn "Smart-matching $that against $sub / $sub2\n";
        }

# Direct subname match.
        return 1 if $that eq $sub;
        return 1 if $that !~ /:/ and "CORE::$that" eq $sub;
        return 0 if $that !~ /^:/;

# Cached match / check tags.
        require Fatal;

if (exists $cache{$sub}{$that}) {
            return $cache{$sub}{$that};
        }

# This rather awful looking line checks to see if our sub is in the
        # list of expanded tags, caches it, and returns the result.

return $cache{$sub}{$that} = grep { $_ eq $sub } @{ $this->_expand_tag($that) };
    }
}

# This exists primarily so that child classes can override or
# augment it if they wish.

sub _expand_tag {
    my ($this, @args) = @_;

return Fatal->_expand_tag(@args);
}

=head2 Advanced methods

The following methods, while usable from anywhere, are primarily
intended for developers wishing to subclass C<autodie::exception>,
write code that registers custom error messages, or otherwise
work closely with the C<autodie::exception> model.

=cut

# The table below records customer formatters.
# TODO - Should this be a package var instead?
# TODO - Should these be in a completely different file, or
#        perhaps loaded on demand?  Most formatters will never
#        get used in most programs.

my %formatter_of = (
    'CORE::close'    => \&_format_close,
    'CORE::open'     => \&_format_open,
    'CORE::dbmopen'  => \&_format_dbmopen,
    'CORE::flock'    => \&_format_flock,
    'CORE::read'     => \&_format_readwrite,
    'CORE::sysread'  => \&_format_readwrite,
    'CORE::syswrite' => \&_format_readwrite,
    'CORE::chmod'    => \&_format_chmod,
    'CORE::mkdir'    => \&_format_mkdir,
);

sub _beautify_arguments {
    shift @_;

# Walk through all our arguments, and...
    #
    #   * Replace undef with the word 'undef'
    #   * Replace globs with the string '$fh'
    #   * Quote all other args.
    foreach my $arg (@_) {
       if    (not defined($arg))   { $arg = 'undef' }
       elsif (ref($arg) eq "GLOB") { $arg = '$fh'   }
       else                        { $arg = qq{'$arg'} }
    }

return @_;
}

sub _trim_package_name {
    # Info: The following is done since 05/2008 (which is before v1.10)

# TODO: This is probably a good idea for CORE, is it
    # a good idea for other subs?

# Trim package name off dying sub for error messages
    (my $name = $_[1]) =~ s/.*:://;
    return $name;
}

# Returns the parameter formatted as octal number
sub _octalize_number {
    my $number = $_[1];

# Only reformat if it looks like a whole number
    if ($number =~ /^\d+$/) {
        $number = sprintf("%#04lo", $number);
    }

return $number;
}

# TODO: Our tests only check LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB is properly
# formatted.  Try other combinations and ensure they work
# correctly.

sub _format_flock {
    my ($this) = @_;

require Fcntl;

my $filehandle = $this->args->[0];
    my $raw_mode   = $this->args->[1];

my $mode_type;
    my $lock_unlock;

if ($raw_mode & Fcntl::LOCK_EX() ) {
        $lock_unlock = "lock";
        $mode_type = "for exclusive access";
    }
    elsif ($raw_mode & Fcntl::LOCK_SH() ) {
        $lock_unlock = "lock";
        $mode_type = "for shared access";
    }
    elsif ($raw_mode & Fcntl::LOCK_UN() ) {
        $lock_unlock = "unlock";
        $mode_type = "";
    }
    else {
        # I've got no idea what they're trying to do.
        $lock_unlock = "lock";
        $mode_type = "with mode $raw_mode";
    }

my $cooked_filehandle;

if ($filehandle and not ref $filehandle) {

# A package filehandle with a name!

$cooked_filehandle = " $filehandle";
    }
    else {
        # Otherwise we have a scalar filehandle.

$cooked_filehandle = '';

}

local $! = $this->errno;

return "Can't $lock_unlock filehandle$cooked_filehandle $mode_type: $!";

}

# Default formatter for CORE::chmod
sub _format_chmod {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

my $mode   = shift @args;
    local $!   = $this->errno;

$mode = $this->_octalize_number($mode);

@args = $this->_beautify_arguments(@args);

return "Can't chmod($mode, ". join(q{, }, @args) ."): $!";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::mkdir
sub _format_mkdir {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

# If no mask is specified use default formatter
    if (@args < 2) {
      return $this->format_default;
    }

my $file = $args[0];
    my $mask = $args[1];
    local $! = $this->errno;

$mask = $this->_octalize_number($mask);

return "Can't mkdir('$file', $mask): '$!'";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::dbmopen
sub _format_dbmopen {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

# TODO: Presently, $args flattens out the (usually empty) hash
    # which is passed as the first argument to dbmopen.  This is
    # a bug in our args handling code (taking a reference to it would
    # be better), but for the moment we'll just examine the end of
    # our arguments list for message formatting.

my $mode = $args[-1];
    my $file = $args[-2];

$mode = $this->_octalize_number($mode);

local $! = $this->errno;

return "Can't dbmopen(%hash, '$file', $mode): '$!'";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::close

sub _format_close {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my $close_arg = $this->args->[0];

local $! = $this->errno;

# If we've got an old-style filehandle, mention it.
    if ($close_arg and not ref $close_arg) {
        return "Can't close filehandle '$close_arg': '$!'";
    }

# TODO - This will probably produce an ugly error.  Test and fix.
    return "Can't close($close_arg) filehandle: '$!'";

}

# Default formatter for CORE::read, CORE::sysread and CORE::syswrite
#
# Similar to default formatter with the buffer filtered out as it
# may contain binary data.
sub _format_readwrite {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my $call = $this->_trim_package_name($this->function);
    local $! = $this->errno;

# These subs receive the following arguments (in order):
    #
    # * FILEHANDLE
    # * SCALAR (buffer, we do not want to write this)
    # * LENGTH (optional for syswrite)
    # * OFFSET (optional for all)
    my (@args) = @{$this->args};
    my $arg_name = $args[1];
    if (defined($arg_name)) {
        if (ref($arg_name)) {
            my $name = blessed($arg_name) || ref($arg_name);
            $arg_name = "<${name}>";
        } else {
            $arg_name = '<BUFFER>';
        }
    } else {
        $arg_name = '<UNDEF>';
    }
    $args[1] = $arg_name;

return "Can't $call(" . join(q{, }, @args) . "): $!";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::open

use constant _FORMAT_OPEN => "Can't open '%s' for %s: '%s'";

sub _format_open_with_mode {
    my ($this, $mode, $file, $error) = @_;

my $wordy_mode;

if    ($mode eq '<')  { $wordy_mode = 'reading';   }
    elsif ($mode eq '>')  { $wordy_mode = 'writing';   }
    elsif ($mode eq '>>') { $wordy_mode = 'appending'; }

$file = '<undef>' if not defined $file;

return sprintf _FORMAT_OPEN, $file, $wordy_mode, $error if $wordy_mode;

Carp::confess("Internal autodie::exception error: Don't know how to format mode '$mode'.");

}

sub _format_open {
    my ($this) = @_;

my @open_args = @{$this->args};

# Use the default formatter for single-arg and many-arg open
    if (@open_args <= 1 or @open_args >= 4) {
        return $this->format_default;
    }

# For two arg open, we have to extract the mode
    if (@open_args == 2) {
        my ($fh, $file) = @open_args;

if (ref($fh) eq "GLOB") {
            $fh = '$fh';
        }

my ($mode) = $file =~ m{
            ^\s*                # Spaces before mode
            (
                (?>             # Non-backtracking subexp.
                    <           # Reading
                    |>>?        # Writing/appending
                )
            )
            [^&]                # Not an ampersand (which means a dup)
        }x;

if (not $mode) {
            # Maybe it's a 2-arg open without any mode at all?
            # Detect the most simple case for this, where our
            # file consists only of word characters.

if ( $file =~ m{^\s*\w+\s*$} ) {
                $mode = '<'
            }
            else {
                # Otherwise, we've got no idea what's going on.
                # Use the default.
                return $this->format_default;
            }
        }

# Localising $! means perl makes it a pretty error for us.
        local $! = $this->errno;

return $this->_format_open_with_mode($mode, $file, $!);
    }

# Here we must be using three arg open.

my $file = $open_args[2];

local $! = $this->errno;

my $mode = $open_args[1];

local $@;

my $msg = eval { $this->_format_open_with_mode($mode, $file, $!); };

return $msg if $msg;

# Default message (for pipes and odd things)

return "Can't open '$file' with mode '$open_args[1]': '$!'";
}

=head3 register

autodie::exception->register( 'CORE::open' => \&mysub );

The C<register> method allows for the registration of a message
handler for a given subroutine.  The full subroutine name including
the package should be used.

Registered message handlers will receive the C<autodie::exception>
object as the first parameter.

=cut

sub register {
    my ($class, $symbol, $handler) = @_;

croak "Incorrect call to autodie::register" if @_ != 3;

$formatter_of{$symbol} = $handler;

}

=head3 add_file_and_line

say "Problem occurred",$@->add_file_and_line;

Returns the string C< at %s line %d>, where C<%s> is replaced with
the filename, and C<%d> is replaced with the line number.

Primarily intended for use by format handlers.

=cut

# Simply produces the file and line number; intended to be added
# to the end of error messages.

sub add_file_and_line {
    my ($this) = @_;

return sprintf(" at %s line %d\n", $this->file, $this->line);
}

=head3 stringify

say "The error was: ",$@->stringify;

Formats the error as a human readable string.  Usually there's no
reason to call this directly, as it is used automatically if an
C<autodie::exception> object is ever used as a string.

Child classes can override this method to change how they're
stringified.

=cut

sub stringify {
    my ($this) = @_;

my $call        =  $this->function;
    my $msg;

if ($DEBUG) {
        my $dying_pkg   = $this->package;
        my $sub   = $this->function;
        my $caller = $this->caller;
        warn "Stringifing exception for $dying_pkg :: $sub / $caller / $call\n";
    }

# TODO - This isn't using inheritance.  Should it?
    if ( my $sub = $formatter_of{$call} ) {
        $msg = $sub->($this) . $this->add_file_and_line;
    } else {
        $msg = $this->format_default . $this->add_file_and_line;
    }
    $msg .=  $this->{$PACKAGE}{_stack_trace}
        if $Carp::Verbose;

return $msg;
}

=head3 format_default

my $error_string = $E->format_default;

This produces the default error string for the given exception,
I<without using any registered message handlers>.  It is primarily
intended to be called from a message handler when they have
been passed an exception they don't want to format.

Child classes can override this method to change how default
messages are formatted.

=cut

# TODO: This produces ugly errors.  Is there any way we can
# dig around to find the actual variable names?  I know perl 5.10
# does some dark and terrible magicks to find them for undef warnings.

sub format_default {
    my ($this) = @_;

my $call   =  $this->_trim_package_name($this->function);

local $! = $this->errno;

my @args = @{ $this->args() };
    @args = $this->_beautify_arguments(@args);

# Format our beautiful error.

return "Can't $call(".  join(q{, }, @args) . "): $!" ;

# TODO - Handle user-defined errors from hash.

# TODO - Handle default error messages.

}

=head3 new

my $error = autodie::exception->new(
        args => \@_,
        function => "CORE::open",
        errno => $!,
        context => 'scalar',
        return => undef,
    );

Creates a new C<autodie::exception> object.  Normally called
directly from an autodying function.  The C<function> argument
is required, its the function we were trying to call that
generated the exception.  The C<args> parameter is optional.

The C<errno> value is optional.  In versions of C<autodie::exception>
1.99 and earlier the code would try to automatically use the
current value of C<$!>, but this was unreliable and is no longer
supported.

Atrributes such as package, file, and caller are determined
automatically, and cannot be specified.

=cut

sub new {
    my ($class, @args) = @_;

my $this = {};

bless($this,$class);

# I'd love to use EVERY here, but it causes our code to die
    # because it wants to stringify our objects before they're
    # initialised, causing everything to explode.

$this->_init(@args);

return $this;
}

sub _init {

my ($this, %args) = @_;

# Capturing errno here is not necessarily reliable.
    my $original_errno = $!;

our $init_called = 1;

my $class = ref $this;

# We're going to walk up our call stack, looking for the
    # first thing that doesn't look like our exception
    # code, autodie/Fatal, or some whacky eval.

my ($package, $file, $line, $sub);

my $depth = 0;

while (1) {
        $depth++;

($package, $file, $line, $sub) = CORE::caller($depth);

# Skip up the call stack until we find something outside
        # of the Fatal/autodie/eval space.

next if $package->isa('Fatal');
        next if $package->isa($class);
        next if $package->isa(__PACKAGE__);

# Anything with the 'autodie::skip' role wants us to skip it.
        # https://github.com/pjf/autodie/issues/15

next if ($package->can('DOES') and $package->DOES('autodie::skip'));

next if $file =~ /^$eval\s\d+$$/;

last;

}

# We now have everything correct, *except* for our subroutine
    # name.  If it's __ANON__ or (eval), then we need to keep on
    # digging deeper into our stack to find the real name.  However we
    # don't update our other information, since that will be correct
    # for our current exception.

my $first_guess_subroutine = $sub;

while (defined $sub and $sub =~ /^$eval$$|::__ANON__$/) {
        $depth++;

$sub = (CORE::caller($depth))[3];
    }

# If we end up falling out the bottom of our stack, then our
    # __ANON__ guess is the best we can get.  This includes situations
    # where we were called from the top level of a program.

if (not defined $sub) {
        $sub = $first_guess_subroutine;
    }

$this->{$PACKAGE}{package} = $package;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{file}    = $file;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{line}    = $line;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{caller}  = $sub;

# Tranks to %Carp::CarpInternal all Fatal, autodie and
    # autodie::exception stack frames are filtered already, but our
    # nameless wrapper is still present, so strip that.

my $trace = Carp::longmess();
    $trace =~ s/^\s*at \(eval[^\n]+\n//;

# And if we see an __ANON__, then we'll replace that with the actual
    # name of our autodying function.

my $short_func = $args{function};
    $short_func =~ s/^CORE:://;
    $trace =~ s/(\s*[\w:]+)__ANON__/$1$short_func/;

# And now we just fill in all our attributes.

$this->{$PACKAGE}{_stack_trace} = $trace;

$this->{$PACKAGE}{errno}   = $args{errno} || 0;

$this->{$PACKAGE}{context} = $args{context};
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{return}  = $args{return};
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{eval_error}  = $args{eval_error};

$this->{$PACKAGE}{args}    = $args{args} || [];
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{function}= $args{function} or
              croak("$class->new() called without function arg");

return $this;

}

__END__

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<autodie>, L<autodie::exception::system>

=head1 LICENSE

This is free software.  You may modify and/or redistribute this
code under the same terms as Perl 5.10 itself, or, at your option,
any later version of Perl 5.

=head1 AUTHOR

Paul Fenwick E<lt>pjf@perltraining.com.auE<gt>

✏️ Editing: exception.pm Read Only

package autodie::exception;
use 5.008;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp qw(croak);

our $VERSION = '2.29'; # VERSION: Generated by DZP::OurPkg:Version
# ABSTRACT: Exceptions from autodying functions.

our $DEBUG = 0;

use overload
    q{""} => "stringify",
    # Overload smart-match only if we're using 5.10 or up
    ($] >= 5.010 ? ('~~'  => "matches") : ()),
    fallback => 1
;

my $PACKAGE = __PACKAGE__;  # Useful to have a scalar for hash keys.

=head1 NAME

autodie::exception - Exceptions from autodying functions.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

eval {
        use autodie;

open(my $fh, '<', 'some_file.txt');

...
    };

if (my $E = $@) {
        say "Ooops!  ",$E->caller," had problems: $@";
    }

=head1 DESCRIPTION

When an L<autodie> enabled function fails, it generates an
C<autodie::exception> object.  This can be interrogated to
determine further information about the error that occurred.

This document is broken into two sections; those methods that
are most useful to the end-developer, and those methods for
anyone wishing to subclass or get very familiar with
C<autodie::exception>.

=head2 Common Methods

These methods are intended to be used in the everyday dealing
of exceptions.

The following assume that the error has been copied into
a separate scalar:

if ($E = $@) {
        ...
    }

This is not required, but is recommended in case any code
is called which may reset or alter C<$@>.

=cut

=head3 args

my $array_ref = $E->args;

Provides a reference to the arguments passed to the subroutine
that died.

=cut

sub args        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{args}; }

=head3 function

my $sub = $E->function;

The subroutine (including package) that threw the exception.

=cut

sub function   { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{function};  }

=head3 file

my $file = $E->file;

The file in which the error occurred (eg, C<myscript.pl> or
C<MyTest.pm>).

=cut

sub file        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{file};  }

=head3 package

my $package = $E->package;

The package from which the exceptional subroutine was called.

=cut

sub package     { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{package}; }

=head3 caller

my $caller = $E->caller;

The subroutine that I<called> the exceptional code.

=cut

sub caller      { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{caller};  }

=head3 line

my $line = $E->line;

The line in C<< $E->file >> where the exceptional code was called.

=cut

sub line        { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{line};  }

=head3 context

my $context = $E->context;

For some core functions that always return a scalar value regardless
of their context (eg, C<chown>), this may be 'scalar', even if you
used a list context.

=cut

# TODO: The comments above say this can be undefined. Is that actually
# the case? (With 'system', perhaps?)

sub context     { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{context} }

=head3 return

my $return_value = $E->return;

=cut

sub return      { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{return} }

=head3 errno

my $errno = $E->errno;

The value of C<$!> at the time when the exception occurred.

=cut

# TODO: Make errno part of a role.  It doesn't make sense for
# everything.

sub errno       { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{errno}; }

=head3 eval_error

my $old_eval_error = $E->eval_error;

The contents of C<$@> immediately after autodie triggered an
exception.  This may be useful when dealing with modules such
as L<Text::Balanced> that set (but do not throw) C<$@> on error.

=cut

sub eval_error { return $_[0]->{$PACKAGE}{eval_error}; }

=head3 matches

if ( $e->matches('open') ) { ... }

if ( $e ~~ 'open' ) { ... }

C<matches> is used to determine whether a
given exception matches a particular role.  On Perl 5.10,
using smart-match (C<~~>) with an C<autodie::exception> object
will use C<matches> underneath.

An exception is considered to match a string if:

=over 4

=item *

For a string that does start with a colon, if the subroutine
throwing the exception I<does> that behaviour.  For example, the
C<CORE::open> subroutine does C<:file>, C<:io> and C<:all>.

See L<autodie/CATEGORIES> for further information.

=back

=cut

{
    my (%cache);

sub matches {
        my ($this, $that) = @_;

# TODO - Handle references
        croak "UNIMPLEMENTED" if ref $that;

my $sub = $this->function;

if ($DEBUG) {
            my $sub2 = $this->function;
            warn "Smart-matching $that against $sub / $sub2\n";
        }

# Direct subname match.
        return 1 if $that eq $sub;
        return 1 if $that !~ /:/ and "CORE::$that" eq $sub;
        return 0 if $that !~ /^:/;

# Cached match / check tags.
        require Fatal;

if (exists $cache{$sub}{$that}) {
            return $cache{$sub}{$that};
        }

# This rather awful looking line checks to see if our sub is in the
        # list of expanded tags, caches it, and returns the result.

return $cache{$sub}{$that} = grep { $_ eq $sub } @{ $this->_expand_tag($that) };
    }
}

# This exists primarily so that child classes can override or
# augment it if they wish.

sub _expand_tag {
    my ($this, @args) = @_;

return Fatal->_expand_tag(@args);
}

=head2 Advanced methods

=cut

sub _beautify_arguments {
    shift @_;

return @_;
}

sub _trim_package_name {
    # Info: The following is done since 05/2008 (which is before v1.10)

# TODO: This is probably a good idea for CORE, is it
    # a good idea for other subs?

# Trim package name off dying sub for error messages
    (my $name = $_[1]) =~ s/.*:://;
    return $name;
}

# Returns the parameter formatted as octal number
sub _octalize_number {
    my $number = $_[1];

# Only reformat if it looks like a whole number
    if ($number =~ /^\d+$/) {
        $number = sprintf("%#04lo", $number);
    }

return $number;
}

# TODO: Our tests only check LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB is properly
# formatted.  Try other combinations and ensure they work
# correctly.

sub _format_flock {
    my ($this) = @_;

require Fcntl;

my $filehandle = $this->args->[0];
    my $raw_mode   = $this->args->[1];

my $mode_type;
    my $lock_unlock;

my $cooked_filehandle;

if ($filehandle and not ref $filehandle) {

# A package filehandle with a name!

$cooked_filehandle = " $filehandle";
    }
    else {
        # Otherwise we have a scalar filehandle.

$cooked_filehandle = '';

}

local $! = $this->errno;

return "Can't $lock_unlock filehandle$cooked_filehandle $mode_type: $!";

}

# Default formatter for CORE::chmod
sub _format_chmod {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

my $mode   = shift @args;
    local $!   = $this->errno;

$mode = $this->_octalize_number($mode);

@args = $this->_beautify_arguments(@args);

return "Can't chmod($mode, ". join(q{, }, @args) ."): $!";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::mkdir
sub _format_mkdir {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

# If no mask is specified use default formatter
    if (@args < 2) {
      return $this->format_default;
    }

my $file = $args[0];
    my $mask = $args[1];
    local $! = $this->errno;

$mask = $this->_octalize_number($mask);

return "Can't mkdir('$file', $mask): '$!'";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::dbmopen
sub _format_dbmopen {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my @args   = @{$this->args};

my $mode = $args[-1];
    my $file = $args[-2];

$mode = $this->_octalize_number($mode);

local $! = $this->errno;

return "Can't dbmopen(%hash, '$file', $mode): '$!'";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::close

sub _format_close {
    my ($this) = @_;
    my $close_arg = $this->args->[0];

local $! = $this->errno;

# If we've got an old-style filehandle, mention it.
    if ($close_arg and not ref $close_arg) {
        return "Can't close filehandle '$close_arg': '$!'";
    }

# TODO - This will probably produce an ugly error.  Test and fix.
    return "Can't close($close_arg) filehandle: '$!'";

}

return "Can't $call(" . join(q{, }, @args) . "): $!";
}

# Default formatter for CORE::open

use constant _FORMAT_OPEN => "Can't open '%s' for %s: '%s'";

sub _format_open_with_mode {
    my ($this, $mode, $file, $error) = @_;

my $wordy_mode;

if    ($mode eq '<')  { $wordy_mode = 'reading';   }
    elsif ($mode eq '>')  { $wordy_mode = 'writing';   }
    elsif ($mode eq '>>') { $wordy_mode = 'appending'; }

$file = '<undef>' if not defined $file;

return sprintf _FORMAT_OPEN, $file, $wordy_mode, $error if $wordy_mode;

Carp::confess("Internal autodie::exception error: Don't know how to format mode '$mode'.");

}

sub _format_open {
    my ($this) = @_;

my @open_args = @{$this->args};

# Use the default formatter for single-arg and many-arg open
    if (@open_args <= 1 or @open_args >= 4) {
        return $this->format_default;
    }

# For two arg open, we have to extract the mode
    if (@open_args == 2) {
        my ($fh, $file) = @open_args;

if (ref($fh) eq "GLOB") {
            $fh = '$fh';
        }

if (not $mode) {
            # Maybe it's a 2-arg open without any mode at all?
            # Detect the most simple case for this, where our
            # file consists only of word characters.

# Localising $! means perl makes it a pretty error for us.
        local $! = $this->errno;

return $this->_format_open_with_mode($mode, $file, $!);
    }

# Here we must be using three arg open.

my $file = $open_args[2];

local $! = $this->errno;

my $mode = $open_args[1];

local $@;

my $msg = eval { $this->_format_open_with_mode($mode, $file, $!); };

return $msg if $msg;

# Default message (for pipes and odd things)

return "Can't open '$file' with mode '$open_args[1]': '$!'";
}

=head3 register

autodie::exception->register( 'CORE::open' => \&mysub );

The C<register> method allows for the registration of a message
handler for a given subroutine.  The full subroutine name including
the package should be used.

Registered message handlers will receive the C<autodie::exception>
object as the first parameter.

=cut

sub register {
    my ($class, $symbol, $handler) = @_;

croak "Incorrect call to autodie::register" if @_ != 3;

$formatter_of{$symbol} = $handler;

}

=head3 add_file_and_line

say "Problem occurred",$@->add_file_and_line;

Returns the string C< at %s line %d>, where C<%s> is replaced with
the filename, and C<%d> is replaced with the line number.

Primarily intended for use by format handlers.

=cut

# Simply produces the file and line number; intended to be added
# to the end of error messages.

sub add_file_and_line {
    my ($this) = @_;

return sprintf(" at %s line %d\n", $this->file, $this->line);
}

=head3 stringify

say "The error was: ",$@->stringify;

Formats the error as a human readable string.  Usually there's no
reason to call this directly, as it is used automatically if an
C<autodie::exception> object is ever used as a string.

Child classes can override this method to change how they're
stringified.

=cut

sub stringify {
    my ($this) = @_;

my $call        =  $this->function;
    my $msg;

return $msg;
}

=head3 format_default

my $error_string = $E->format_default;

Child classes can override this method to change how default
messages are formatted.

=cut

# TODO: This produces ugly errors.  Is there any way we can
# dig around to find the actual variable names?  I know perl 5.10
# does some dark and terrible magicks to find them for undef warnings.

sub format_default {
    my ($this) = @_;

my $call   =  $this->_trim_package_name($this->function);

local $! = $this->errno;

my @args = @{ $this->args() };
    @args = $this->_beautify_arguments(@args);

# Format our beautiful error.

return "Can't $call(".  join(q{, }, @args) . "): $!" ;

# TODO - Handle user-defined errors from hash.

# TODO - Handle default error messages.

}

=head3 new

my $error = autodie::exception->new(
        args => \@_,
        function => "CORE::open",
        errno => $!,
        context => 'scalar',
        return => undef,
    );

Atrributes such as package, file, and caller are determined
automatically, and cannot be specified.

=cut

sub new {
    my ($class, @args) = @_;

my $this = {};

bless($this,$class);

# I'd love to use EVERY here, but it causes our code to die
    # because it wants to stringify our objects before they're
    # initialised, causing everything to explode.

$this->_init(@args);

return $this;
}

sub _init {

my ($this, %args) = @_;

# Capturing errno here is not necessarily reliable.
    my $original_errno = $!;

our $init_called = 1;

my $class = ref $this;

# We're going to walk up our call stack, looking for the
    # first thing that doesn't look like our exception
    # code, autodie/Fatal, or some whacky eval.

my ($package, $file, $line, $sub);

my $depth = 0;

while (1) {
        $depth++;

($package, $file, $line, $sub) = CORE::caller($depth);

# Skip up the call stack until we find something outside
        # of the Fatal/autodie/eval space.

next if $package->isa('Fatal');
        next if $package->isa($class);
        next if $package->isa(__PACKAGE__);

# Anything with the 'autodie::skip' role wants us to skip it.
        # https://github.com/pjf/autodie/issues/15

next if ($package->can('DOES') and $package->DOES('autodie::skip'));

next if $file =~ /^$eval\s\d+$$/;

last;

}

my $first_guess_subroutine = $sub;

while (defined $sub and $sub =~ /^$eval$$|::__ANON__$/) {
        $depth++;

$sub = (CORE::caller($depth))[3];
    }

# If we end up falling out the bottom of our stack, then our
    # __ANON__ guess is the best we can get.  This includes situations
    # where we were called from the top level of a program.

if (not defined $sub) {
        $sub = $first_guess_subroutine;
    }

$this->{$PACKAGE}{package} = $package;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{file}    = $file;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{line}    = $line;
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{caller}  = $sub;

# Tranks to %Carp::CarpInternal all Fatal, autodie and
    # autodie::exception stack frames are filtered already, but our
    # nameless wrapper is still present, so strip that.

my $trace = Carp::longmess();
    $trace =~ s/^\s*at \(eval[^\n]+\n//;

# And if we see an __ANON__, then we'll replace that with the actual
    # name of our autodying function.

my $short_func = $args{function};
    $short_func =~ s/^CORE:://;
    $trace =~ s/(\s*[\w:]+)__ANON__/$1$short_func/;

# And now we just fill in all our attributes.

$this->{$PACKAGE}{_stack_trace} = $trace;

$this->{$PACKAGE}{errno}   = $args{errno} || 0;

$this->{$PACKAGE}{context} = $args{context};
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{return}  = $args{return};
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{eval_error}  = $args{eval_error};

$this->{$PACKAGE}{args}    = $args{args} || [];
    $this->{$PACKAGE}{function}= $args{function} or
              croak("$class->new() called without function arg");

return $this;

}

__END__

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<autodie>, L<autodie::exception::system>

=head1 LICENSE

This is free software.  You may modify and/or redistribute this
code under the same terms as Perl 5.10 itself, or, at your option,
any later version of Perl 5.

=head1 AUTHOR

Paul Fenwick E<lt>pjf@perltraining.com.auE<gt>

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